In recent years, immunotherapy has been recognized as a  new and effe('tive strategy to treat various('ancers. Programmed('ell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors have produced impressive re­ sponses in advanced esophageal squamous('ell('arcinoma (ES­ CC) and brought clinical benefits in its treatment.  Clinical  tri­ als, such as KEYNOTE-181  and  ATTRACTION-3,  have shown that PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy, as the second-line treatment for advan('ed ESCC, leads to a significantly higher survival rate than traditional  chemotherapy.  KEYNOTE-590 and other trial s also confirmed the remarkable effica('y and manageable safety profile of the combined regimen with PD-1 inhibitors and chemotherapy and took it as the first-line treat­ ment for advanced ESCC. Furthermore, the role of PD-1 inhibi­ tors in neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced ESCC has also been preliminarily confirmed. Despite the widespread applica­ tion of immunotherapy in the treatment of esophagea l cancer,  ther e still remain uncertain areas such as  drug  resistance  and the sele('tion of proper combination therapy. Due to the signifi­ cant progress made in recent years regarding the conditions  of  the tumor immune mi('roenvironment (TIME) and predictive biomarkers for ESCC immunotherapy, this review summarizes and discusses the latest progress in the study of PD-1 inhibitors for ESCC treatment.

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