Esophageal squamous('ell('ar('inoma (ESCC) is one of the most ('ommon('an('ers with high mo1tality in China. For unrese('table lo('ally advan('ed esophageal squamou s ('ell ('arcinoma (LA-ES­ CC) patients, con('urrent('hemoradiotherapy (CRT) remains as a standard treatment. With the rapid development of anti-pro­ grammed death 1/ anti-programmed death ligand  1  (PD-1 /PD­ Ll) inhibitors, more and more('ombinations of PD-1/PD-Ll in­ hibitors and CRT were studied in clini('al trials of unrese('table LA-ESCC. In this review, we('on('lude the different('ombination sequen('es of clini('al trial s as sequential, indu('tion, and con('ur­ rent models. Only two published with('on('urrent PD-1 inhibitor and CRT demonstrating the endurable toxi('ities and promising effi(' 缸 y. Further results of ongoing studi es may indi('at e the best ('ombination sequen('ing in treatment of LA-ESCC. On the other hand, we fo('us on the predi('tive fa('tors for('ombined modality therapy. Thus far, the roles of PD-Ll expression and tumor mu­ tation burden (TMB) are('ontroversial. Moreover, the predi('tive potential of tumor mi('roenvironment (TME), geneti(',dynami(' blood and non-invasive radiomi('biomarkers for  ESCC  progno­ sis were also dis('ussed, indi('ating ('ombined predi('tion models with multiple dynami('biomarkers may be available in the future.

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